山东自考报名-英语（二）短文写作

短文写作

一、基本写作步骤

1．审题

所谓审题，就是审清作文的要求和所给的材料，如图表说明、关键词、段首句、提纲等等。

审题是写作的第一步，也是文章成功的关键所在之一。在考试之中，由于时间仓促，心情紧张，匆忙审题，造成离题万里的现象屡见不鲜。因此可以说能否审清题意是作文、乃至考试成败的关键。在平时进行写作练习的时候，就要有意识地养成认真审题，仔细研究的良好习惯。

弄清作文要求之后，就要确定文章的主题思想。主题思想明确、深刻，才能确保文章言之有物，顺理成章。围绕主题去构思、写作文章，才能思路清晰，不致节外生枝离题万里。

2．提纲

提纲有利于作者理清思路。尤其在考场上，根据提纲写作，能写出层次分明，逻辑性强，表意清晰的好文章，可避免考试时由于情绪紧张而造成的不应有的失误。

提纲有多种类型，可详可略，写作时也可根据自己的经验和特点编写适合于自己的提纲。常见的提纲种类有罗列式提纲、主题式提纲、句子式提纲。所谓罗列式提纲，就是根据题目和所给材料，围绕中心思想，罗列一系列相关的词、短语或句子。主题式提纲比较简略，只写出文章的主题思想即可，写作时依据主题思想，围绕重点，进行扩充和展开。句子式提纲比较详细，顾名思义，就是用句子把文章的主要观点写出来。

3．成文

文章的组织结构：一定要按所列提纲写。一般分为开头、正文、结尾 3 部分

（1）开头；如引语法、主题句法、提问法、事例法、描述法等。

常用句式：

①

There is an old /popular saying /proverb which says /goes…..

②

Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the importance/

seriousness of …

③There are different opinions among people as to …Some believe … Others, however, disagree with it. They think…

④….has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

⑤ One of our ancient philosophers said, …..Chinese people have always been holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality.

(2) 主体： 要注意启承转合，常用句型：

① On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ……. They believe

…..Moreover, they think…..

② There are many ways to ….. First, _____. Second _____. Finally, ______.

③ Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to _____.

For one thing, ____. For another, ______. Finally, _______. (也可用于结尾)

④ Although the popular belief is a fact, a current study(survey/investigation)

indicates that...

(3) 结尾

总结文章的主要内容，或者提出希望或展望未来，或者对文章提出的观点进行反问，启发读者思考。如：An open China has realized the

importance of business. Why should we give up this opportunity and rely on agriculture?

常用句型：

① From what has been discussed /mentioned above, we may conclude that…

② Therefore, it is not difficult to draw /come to the conclusion that….

③ Only in this way/ in doing so, can sth. be really ….

④ Given the reasons /consideration I have just outlined/ discussed/ presented, I strongly recommend that …..

无论是何种类型，英语（二）作文基本上是三段式作文，根据不同的类型，三段的写法不同。 所用的模式也不同。

二、各类型作文的写法和常用句型

（一）图表 / 看图作文

1. 写作模式：描述图表/图画-分析图表/图画-总结全文（也可以展望未来或发出倡议或表明自己的态度）

2. 常用句型：

（1）表示说明的开篇句式：

As we can see from the chart / graph / table/ picture…

The chart/graph/ table displays/ illustrates/ describes/ indicates/ points out that …

It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table/ graph that…

The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that …

The table/chart /graph shows (that) …

According to the table/chart /graph, …

As is shown in the table/chart /graph, …

As can be seen from the table/chart/ graph/picture, …

It can be seen from the figures/statistics that …

We can see from the figures/statistics that …

As we can see in this picture, …

This picture shows that …

（2）描述图表的句式：

A takes up/ occupies/ accounts for 20% of the total population/ output/ income/ expenditure/ consumption.

On the top of the list is…, which accounts for 60%.

On the bottom is …, which takes up 20%.

Compared with A, B has a higher percentage.

A is second to B. （A 仅次于 B。）

There was a very slight/ small/ slow/gradual/ steady/ marked/ large/ sharp/

rapid/ sudden/ dramatic rise/ increase/ drop/ decrease/ decline/ fall/ reduction in 2008.

The number of…declines/rises by …% from… to…

The number of… remains steady/ stable/ the same…

The price leveled off.

（3）表明个人观点的句式

As has been shown above, we can safely say that …

As far as I am concerned, …To the best of my knowledge, …

As to me, ….

In my view / opinion, …

（4）表示总结概括的句式

In conclusion / In summary / In a word / In a nutshell / In brief, …

3. 例文：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition

on the topic How Are Working People Doing Physical Exercises? You should write

150 words or so and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below.

1. 描述下列图表所表达的信息;

2. 谈谈你对此现象的看法.

3．根据此现象提出建议

Sample writing:

As we can see from the chart, on the top of the list is the number of working

people seldom doing physical exercises, which accounts for 60%. What follows are

working people doing exercises once a month at a percentage of 25%. On the

bottom is the number of people doing regular exercises, which takes up only 15%.

Although more and more working people are realizing the importance of physical

exercises, they cannot spare their limited time to do some exercises because of

the heavy burden of supporting their families on their shoulders. Apart from

that, their daily lives at the office cannot provide them with the exercise

their body needs. Lack of physical exercises is one of the main contributing

factors to poor health among the working people.

In order to stay healthy and concentrate on their work more efficiently, all

people, especially working people should take some physical exercises. Society

should encourage people to take exercises regularly. The problem of insufficient

exercises among working people should be solved as soon as possible. (174 words)

（二）对立观点型作文

1. 写作模式：引出话题-摆出两种观点-我的观点

2. 常用句型：

（1）点明主题的常用句型

The issue of whether… or not has been widely argued/ debated about.

…has become a hot topic among people

When it comes to …, people will have a heated discussion.

（2）具体介绍两种对立观点的常用句式

Some people suggest/ hold the opinion that… But / However/ Nevertheless/ other

people hold a different point of view.

Some people are inclined to think that…On the contrary, there are many people

who won't agree, and they claim…

（3）陈述自己观点的常用句式

In my eyes/ view/ As to me/ To the best of my knowledge/ As far as I am

concerned…I'm in favor of…/ I am on the side of/ My favor goes to the former/ latter

opinion to some extent. The main reason is that… Furthermore…

There is probably some truth in both arguments, but I prefer …to…

In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we… we should take into

consideration all aspects of the problem and then make the right decision.

Considering one after another, I stand on the side of the latter opinion.

As to me, I prefer the former one.

请认真答题，答题结果将记入知识点测评的成绩！【单选题】Choose the most suitable topic

sentence for the third

paragraph in the following passage.The following is a short essay entitled

Advertisements based on the following outline. You should choose the most

suitable topic sentence for the third paragraph.

1. 各种各样的广告随处可见 2. 人们对广告持不 同的观点 3. 我认为……With the advent of material prosperity, advertisements have become more and

more important in our daily life. If you are observant enough, it's not

difficult for you to notice they appear everywhere. When you walk along the

streets, you can see large billboards with pretty girls smiling at you. You read

newspapers, and see half of the pages covered with ads. You turn on TV, and you

see commercial advertisements time and again. Whether you like it or not,

advertisements fill your life.We have to admit that advertisements can play a

useful role in our life. For one thing, they give the latest information about

products. Were there no advertising, consumers could not know about goods sold

in various shops. People can find what they need in the shortest time at the

lowest price. For another, more people are attracted by the advertisements to do

more shopping, which will boom the economic development. However, there are also

some opinions against advertising. Some people think that advertisements do not

give much information but only try to persuade you to buy. They create a demand

for goods that are not really needed. Besides, advertising adds to the cost of

goods. You can see and hear advertisements almost everywhere, which does great

harm to people's

health.________________________________________________________. We should see

the function of them, but we cannot overemphasize it. We can never put our

complete trust in what advertisements say. Before making a buying decision, we

have to think carefully to make a wise choice.A． As far as I am concerned, I

prefer banning advertisements.B． Weighing the pros and cons of advertising, I

think being for it is better than being against it.C． To the best of my

knowledge, we should have a proper attitude to advertisements.D． Which of the

two above-mentioned opinions is more correct?【答案】C

【解析】本题考查对立观点型作文中引出个人观点的句子。A，B 和 C 都可以作为引出个人

观点的句式，但根据下文可以看出在本文中作者保持的是一种中立的态度，并没有明确赞成

或反对广告，故 A 和 B 都不合适。所以答案为 C。【知识点】对立观点型作文

3. 例文：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition

on the topic Do "Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck? You should write 150words or so and you should base your composition the outline below.

1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。

2. 有些人认为运气与数字无关。

3. 我认为……

Sample writing:

Do "Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck?

When it comes to whether lucky numbers can bring good luck, people will have a heated discussion. It's very common to see that some people will spend a large

sum of money on numbers like "6" or "8" when buying phone numbers or plate

numbers for their cars without any reluctance.

Some people take it for granted that some lucky numbers can bring them good

luck. For instance, the so-called lucky number "8" is widely used now because it

is sounded like "getting rich" in Chinese and is believed to bring good fortune.

On the contrary, there are many people who won't agree, and they claim that

numbers have nothing to do with luck. They regard numbers simply as mathematic

symbols for counting. They are anything but a mystery. They laugh at those who

think numbers can bring good luck.

I'm in favor of the latter opinion. I think our society is very modern now. We

mustn't count on the so-called lucky numbers to fulfill our wishes. Whether we

can have good luck depends on ourselves. If we work hard, good luck will come to

us. (186 words)

（三）现象分析型作文

1. 原因分析型作文

（1）写作模式：引出现象-分析引起现象的原因-我的观点

（2）常用句型：

① 引出现象的句式：

With the rapid development of …, many formerly unimaginable things come into

reality. The phenomenon of … is an example.

With …, … has become an increasingly serious problem in society.

With the increase of population, housing shortage is becoming a more and more

serious problem in large cities.

② 引出原因的句式

There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most

typical ones.

There is probably a variety of reasons for the dramatic increase/decline in …

First… Second…Finally…

Why did …? For one thing…, for another… Perhaps the primary reason is …

The change is chiefly caused by the fact that…

The failure mainly comes from several factors that…

We can regard … as a result of…

A number of factors could account for /contribute to /lead to/ result in…

…, partly because …, partly because…

2. 后果分析型作文

（1）写作模式：引出现象-分析该现象的后果或影响-解决方法或我的观点（2）常用句型：

引出后果或影响的句式

There are a number of terrible consequences of … Perhaps the most serious one is ….

It will have/produce/bring about a far-reaching/profound effect/influence/impact on…

The effect / influence / consequence of … is not only limited to… but also

This leaves some serious consequences of…

It may cause /create/ bring/ result in/ lead to/ give rise to a set of problems.

3. 例文：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic On Fake Commodities

You should write 150 words or so and you should base your composition the outline below.

1．假冒伪劣商品充斥于各个角落

2. 假冒伪劣商品的原因和危害

3．怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品

Sample writing:

On Fake Commodities

Today, there are many fake commodities sold in the market. Some can do great

harm to us. Why there are so many fake commodities?

There are always two reasons, I think. First, the factories spend less time and

less money in producing the fake commodities than the good ones. In this way,

they can make a greater profit. Second, the fake commodities are always cheaper

and many people like to buy them. As a result, the fake commodities became more

and more widely spread. It's very obvious that fake commodities are harmful. For

example, there is a man just catching a cold. If the man takes some fake

medicine, perhaps he will get worse, or even die. He is so poor just because he

has bought some fake commodities. The fake commodities do harm to the people, at

the same time, they do harm to society.

Many factories selling good commodities will go bankrupt in a short time, which

will cause many workers out of work.

There are many ways to eliminate fake commodities but the following ones may be

effective. First, the laws of the protection of consumers should be enforced to

severely punish those who produce or sell fake commodities. Second, consumers

should be taught how to tell good commodities from fake ones. Third, they should

be advised to protect their own interests and not to be led astray by false

advertisements. In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the

problem of fake commodities and launch a campaign against them. Only in this way

will fake commodities be possibly eliminated from the market in the future. (272

words)

（四）评论型作文

1. 写作模式：引出需要评论的话（一定要直接或间接引用原话）-分析该引语的内涵-我的观点（可以适当引用名人名言或谚语，最好照应开头部分）2. 常用句型：

（1）引述的句式

As a proverb goes, "…"

An old saying goes like this, "…"

Lincoln once remarked, "…"

（2）分析引语的句式

From this saying, we can see / know / conclude that…

This saying / statement tells us / reveals / shows / points out that …

3. 例文

Directions: For this part. You are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay

entitled The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincoln's famous remark,

"Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four

sharpening the axe." You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200

words.

Sample writing:

The Way to Success

Abraham Lincoln once observed, "Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I

will spend the first four sharpening the axe." As far as I'm concerned, this

remark can be interpreted as follows: If you want to successfully achieve a

certain goal, you must be well prepared for it at first. A good preparation

involves sufficient learning, good strategies and a healthy mentality.

To be well prepared, you must first equip yourself with the required knowledge

and skills. Only in this way can you move smoothly in all kinds of tough and

complex situations. In the process of preparation, you will formulate good

strategies which can contribute to reducing the potential mistakes, thus leading

to higher efficiency. Finally, you must learn to cultivate a healthy mentality.

You must be fully prepared for the possible setbacks you may encounter and

devote yourself wholeheartedly to whatever goal you pursue.

In a word, success comes to those who are well prepared for it. The way to get

prepared is also a way to improve yourself. By sparing no effort to "sharpen

your axe", you will successfully arrive at your destination. (189 words)

请认真答题，答题结果将记入知识点测评的成绩！【单选题】Choose the most suitable opening

sentences for the

following passage.The following is a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds

Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, "Quitting smoking is

the easiest thing in the world. I've done it hundreds of times". Choose the most

suitable opening remarks for the essay.____________________________. There is

something provoking and interesting in this paradox, which sets us thinking

about how to achieve success.Modern society provides people with more

opportunities than before, and there are stories which tell us the possibility

of somebody getting successful overnight. Actually that is not the case. Before

these people become successful, a lot of hard work has been done. Take super

girl Zhang Liangying as an example, before she became famous, she used to spend

day and night practice her singing. With her strong will and painstakingefforts, she finally made it and now she is a world-famous singer. What we

usually see is the result, but what we ignore is a long process of struggling

forward and overcoming various obstacles. Take "quitting smoking" for example,

which is, to most people, a difficult task, so people always give up the idea

for they don't have the strong will.In a nutshell, strong will is an

indispensable part of success. Strong will is the best policy to make your

dreams come true. Concentrate on what you are engaged in, persist in there and

be patient, for "Where there is a will, there is a way".A． Some humorous

saying goes like this, "Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world.

I've done it hundreds of times". Quitting smoking seems easy, but in reality

it is rarely achieved.B． There is a humorous saying about quitting smoking,

which means quitting smoking is both easy and difficult.C． What do you think

about quitting smoking? Is it very difficult or very easy? If you are in the

former group, then you are right.D． Everybody wants to give up smoking, but

how? How can well quit smoking successfully?【答案】A

【解析】本题考查评论型作文的开头写法。评论型作文的开头部分需要直接或间接引用原话，最好直接引用，只有 A 做到了这一点。B，C 和 D 都没有引用需要评论的话，而且和下文不能起到很好的衔接关系，下句中的 this

paradox 显然指的是需要评论的话语，故选择 A。【知识点】评论型作文

（五）应用文

1. 信函类

（1）写作模式：简单表明写信的目的-具体阐述写信的意图-自己的希望及信笺结尾套语

（2）常用句式：

① 申请信

I am writing to apply for the post of … advertised in …

Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for …, I felt it was just the

kind of post for which I have the qualifications and for which I have been

looking for some time.

I feel I have the necessary qualifications and experiences needed for the

position of… advertised in the paper.

I hope I may be granted an interview, when I can explain my qualification more

fully.

I would like to apply for admission to your college.

I should like to further my studies in …department of your university.

My major interests are…., and I understand your university has a good program in

those fields.

② 邀请信及答复

Thank you for your letter of …

It is a pleasure for me to invite you on behalf of ….to accept…

It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to cordially（诚挚地）invite you to

attend the meeting.

It is very kind of you to ask us for dinner this coming Saturday evening. But,

to our deep regret, we cannot accept it.

③ 批评、抱怨、投诉信I am writing to complain about….

I think it's high time you realized…

I must tell you that unless you do something about the situation I will be

forced to take legal action.

To be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any more.

请认真答题，答题结果将记入知识点测评的成绩！【单选题】Choose the most suitable ending

paragraph for the following letter.Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Xiao Wang, your former classmate is going to visit you during the week-long holiday in Beijing. Write according to

the suggestions given below. 1. 表示欢迎 2. 提出度假安排的建议 3. 提醒应注意的事项 Dear

Xiao Wang,Words

failed to express my excitement when I learned that you would spend the holiday

with me. It's been three years since we graduated from high school. I miss you

so much that I can't wait to see you. Now that it will be the first time you

have visited Beijing, I am sure your journey will be exciting, rewarding and

full of a lot of fun.I've made a rough plan for this holiday as follows. On the

first day you arrive here, I will show you around my new campus. Especially I

will take you to visit our newly-built modern library. During the following

three days, we are about to go sightseeing around Beijing. We can visit many

scenic spots and historical attractions, such as the Summer Palace, the

Forbidden city, the Great Wall etc. On the fifth day, we can visit Beijing Zoo,

since you are quite interested in wild animals. The next day, we can go

shopping. There are many splendid markets and shopping malls in Beijing. On the

last day, you can have a good rest before setting off. If there is any

inconvenience for you in this plan, please let me know

immediately._____________________________________________________________.

Yours,

Zhang Ying A． I'm writing to you to talk

about your one-week stay in Beijing.B． I am looking forward to your reply and

wish you a good journey.C． I'm looking forward your solving this problem in an

agreeable way.D． With deepest gratitude I write you here a few lines.【答案】B

【解析】本题考查信函类作文的结束段落的写法。A 和 D 都是开头段落的写法，故首先应

排除；C 是投诉类书信的结束段落的写法，故在本文中不合适。正确答案为 B。【知识点】

信函类作文

④ 感谢信

Thank you so much for ….

I warmly appreciate your hospitality.

I don't know to thank you for your kindness to me.

With deepest gratitude I write you here few lines.

I am writing to thank you, on behalf of my wife and on my own behalf, for the

lovely time we had at your party last night.

⑤ 道歉信

I am awfully sorry that I cannot …I am very sorry for my rudeness /thoughtlessness / bad manners.

I feel sorry for my failure to …

I am writing to express my sincere apology for my …

I regret to inform you that I am unable to …

I believe you can understand that I have not intended to hurt you.

I feel guilty for what I have done to you.

⑥ 其它类型信函开头及结尾：

I am writing to you with reference to ….

Thanks so much for your letter, which arrived….

I would like to know some information on …

I would be grateful if you could /would ….

It will be appreciated if you can /could ….

I look forward to hearing from you.

I hope you can write back to me at your earliest convenience.

Best regards.

Best wishes for you.

3. 例文

假如你是 Jim

Lee，你最近对你所在班的 60 名同学（男女各半）进行了上网目的的调查。现在调查结果（如

下表所示）用英语给某报社的编辑写一封信报告此事，以引起舆论的关注。

注意：

1.报告应包括图表所示的内容；

2.叙述调查结果时要避免重复使用百分比；

3.叙述过程中要适当添加评语；

4.词数：150 左右。

Sample writing:

Dear Editor,

I'm very honored to write this letter to you about a survey I have recently made

among 30 boys and 30 girls in my class about their purposes of getting on the

Internet. The girl's favorite is chatting, and the portion of those fond of

chatting is 35%. On the contrary, very few boys like chatting on the internet,

accounting for less than 5%. What the boys like doing most is playing games and

reading news is just next to that. Both boys and girls like reading news and

sending e-mails on the Internet. Maybe they think it's the most convenient way

to get the latest information. In order to keep themselves well informed about

the development of the world affairs, they have taken advantage of the internet.

What we should pay attention to is that only a very small part of the boy and

girl students, use Internet as a tool to study despite its great convenience and

promptness. As far as I am concerned, students should make good use of the

internet to serve them both in their life and study, especially in the latter

perspective. What do you think about it?

I'm really looking forward to getting your reply. Best regards for you.Yours sincerely,

Jim Lee

(215 words)

2. 演讲类

Directions: Write A Campaign Speech in no less than 150 words based on the

outline below.

1

你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作，

2

如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？

Sample Writing:

Dear brothers and sisters,

May I have your attention please? Today I am very honored to stand here to have

the chance of running for the president of the students' union. I am a junior in

the English Department. Since I came into the university, I have always been the

monitor of my class. I have done a very good job for my classmates, and my

classmates and my teachers all think highly of me. I am good at communication

and I have very strong organizing abilities. Most importantly, I'm very willing

to help others and can derive great pleasure from offering a helping hand to

others. Moreover, I have a variety of hobbies, for example, basketball,

football, pingpong, etc. I am sure that I am qualified for this position. If I

become the president, I will try my best to do well. I will organize some

suitable activities for you. You will never be disappointed in choosing me as

president since I will do many things for you to meet your demands. I will

greatly appreciate it if you will give me a chance, and I will never let you

down.

Thank you for your attention.

(197 words)

3. 通知类（一般了解）

通知的文体是考试中常见的一种文体也是对学生写作能力的一个必要的要求。通知是一种安

排活动或布置工作时使用的文体，包括了口头通知和书面通知。口头通知是当面向有关人员

口授有关活动的信息，

而书面通知是以布告的形式把事情通知给有关人员。通知的要素是时间，地点，对象，事件

具体内容，注意事项等。通知的语言应该是简洁明了，直截了当。还应该注意要有一定的逻逻辑顺序

请选择您的报考层次 大专 本科 专本套读

提交报名信息 重置信息

我已阅读并同意《用户隐私条款》

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